Shadow puppetry is an ancient traditional art form in China, known as "Lupiying" ("donkey skin shadow") by the locals in old Beijing. It has evolved into two major schools, namely the East City and West City styles. Shadow puppetry was first introduced to Beijing from Lanzhou and Huating during the mid-Ming Dynasty. It later spread to Zhuozhou in Hebei Province before making its way to the rural areas of the western and northern suburbs of Beijing. Eventually, it spread to the Beijing city.
The traditional folk craft process of making shadow puppetry involves several intricate steps, including leather preparation, sketching, carving, coloring, ironing, oiling, and final embellishment. Among these, carving is the most important process.
In addition to being popular among farmers and city dwellers, shadow puppetry also gained entry into the imperial court. During the reign of Emperor Kangxi, the Prince's Palace had eight officials of the fifth rank who were responsible for managing shadow puppet performances. During the Jiaqing period, shadow puppet troupes were even invited to perform in private residences during festive occasions. At that time, shadow puppet troupes in Beijing would perform puppet shows during the day and sing for shadow puppet shows at night in the hall. Many Peking Opera actors also participated in shadow puppet performances.
In the past, shadow puppet shows were performed by artists who operated the puppets behind the scenes while singing and accompanied by music. A theater troupe with six or seven members and a box of shadow puppets could perform thirty to forty shows. After the performance, they would pack up their belongings and move on, making it very convenient. The equipment for performing shadow puppet shows was very portable, so theater troupes had a strong advantage in mobile performances. Whether in markets, halls, squares, courtyards, or even ordinary indoor spaces, they could set up a screen, curtains, and a lightbox to start the show. In rural areas and towns, there were shadow puppet theater troupes of all sizes. During festivals, celebrations, harvests, weddings, and banquets, shadow puppet shows were always a must. Some performances even lasted all night or continued for ten days or more, attracting people from nearby areas and creating a lively atmosphere.
The art of shadow puppetry has added a touch of ancient charm to Beijing's cultural stage and is loved by the people, especially the elderly and children. Beijing shadow puppetry inherits the characteristics of the West City-style shadow puppetry, excelling in performing myths, martial arts, and fables. There are dozens of enduring repertoires known for their melodious singing and delicate performances. Shadow puppetry is not only beloved by Chinese people but also captivates foreign friends. Many exquisite shadow puppets are collected by foreign museums. The ancient art of shadow puppetry is flourishing with youthful vitality, enriching people's cultural lives, and transporting them into a perfect artistic world.
